How would you like to see your students' performance jump by a letter grade or more?
The Science of Psychology: An Appreciative View 2e provides a flexible solution for the intro psych course. King's appreciative perspective - treating psych as an integrated science that places function before dysfunction - with its groundbreaking adaptive diagnostic tool helps students know what they know while guiding them to master what they don't know.
Building upon the much-lauded and widely-adopted 1st edition, the 2nd edition of The Science of Psychology effectively provides a flexible solution for any Introductory Psychology course. Recognizing that todays students are different from the last generation as is the discipline of psychology, The Science of Psychology draws on thousands of hours of research into faculty and student behavior to provide course material students will actively engage with while allowing instructors to maximize the time they spend preparing and teaching the course. How has your course changed in the past 5-10 years?
From its adaptive questioning diagnostic tool and personalized study plan that gets students reading and studying more frequently, effectively and efficiently to the readable and lively prose that ensures students leave the course with an accurate and timely understanding of psychology as a science, The Science of Psychology is the right choice for todays classes, whether they be traditional face-to-face, hybrid, or entirely online.
Regardless of their study habits, preparation, and approach to your course, each of your students will find that The Science of Psychology adapts to them individually and provides a road map for success. For your students that complete the assigned reading and study in measured doses, The Science of Psychology offers a narrative that presents psychology as a science that addresses function as well as dysfunction and where the various subfields are interconnected. Those students who tend to “cram” before exams and/or seek the path of least resistance to their desired grade will be given an accurate assessment of how much or little they actually know prior to high stakes testing, and as a result, will spend more time reading and learning the assigned material than otherwise. How would fewer drops, failures, and withdrawals impact your course?
The Science of Psychology: An Appreciative View by Laura King (University of Missouri at Columbia) is the first text to bring a truly appreciative view of psychology - as a science and for exploring behavior - to introductory students. It is built around the idea that students must study the discipline of psychology as a whole, that the sub-disciplines are intricately connected, and that human behavior is best understood by exploring its functioning state in addition to its potential dysfunctions.
Laura King did her undergraduate work at Kenyon College, where, an English major, she declared a second major, in psychology, during the second semester of her junior year. She completed her A.B. in English with high honors and distinction and in psychology with distinction in 1986. Laura then did graduate work at Michigan State University and the University of California, Davis, receiving her Ph.D. in personality psychology in 1991. Laura began her career at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, moving to the University of Missouri, Columbia, in 2001, where she is now a professor. In addition to seminars in the development of character, social psychology, and personality psychology, she has taught undergraduate lecture courses in introductory psychology, introduction to personality psychology, and social psychology. At SMU, she received six different teaching awards, including the “M” award for “sustained excellence” in 1999. At the University of Missouri, she received the Chancellors Award for Outstanding Research and Creative Activity in 2004. Her research, which has been funded by the National Institutes for Mental Health, has focused on a variety of topics relevant to the question of what it is that makes for a good life. She has studied goals, life stories, happiness, well-being, and meaning in life. In general, her work reflects an enduring interest in studying what is good and healthy in people. In 2001, her research accomplishments were recognized by a Templeton Prize in positive psychology. Lauras research (often in collaboration with undergraduate and graduate students) has been published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Cognition and Emotion, the Journal of Personality, and other publications . A new paper on the place of regrets in maturity is forthcoming in the American Psychologist. Currently editor-in-chief of the Journal of Research in Personality, Laura has also served as associate editor of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin and the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, as well as on numerous grant panels. She has edited or co-edited special sections of the Journal of Personality and the American Psychologist. In “real life,” Laura is an accomplished cook and enjoys listening to music (mostly jazz vocalists and singer-songwriters), gardening, and chasing Sam, her 3-year-old son.
Laura began her career at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, moving to the University of Missouri, Columbia, in 2001, where she is now a professor. In addition to seminars in the development of character, social psychology, and personality psychology, she has taught undergraduate lecture courses in introductory psychology, introduction to personality psychology, and social psychology. At SMU, she received six different teaching awards, including the “M” award for “sustained excellence” in 1999. At the University of Missouri, she received the Chancellors Award for Outstanding Research and Creative Activity in 2004. Her research, which has been funded by the National Institutes for Mental Health, has focused on a variety of topics relevant to the question of what it is that makes for a good life. She has studied goals, life stories, happiness, well-being, and meaning in life. In general, her work reflects an enduring interest in studying what is good and healthy in people. In 2001, her research accomplishments were recognized by a Templeton Prize in positive psychology. Lauras research (often in collaboration with undergraduate and graduate students) has been published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Cognition and Emotion, the Journal of Personality, and other publications . A new paper on the place of regrets in maturity is forthcoming in the American Psychologist. Currently editor-in-chief of the Journal of Research in Personality, Laura has also served as associate editor of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin and the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, as well as on numerous grant panels. She has edited or co-edited special sections of the Journal of Personality and the American Psychologist. In “real life,” Laura is an accomplished cook and enjoys listening to music (mostly jazz vocalists and singer-songwriters), gardening, and chasing Sam, her 3-year-old son.
Her research, which has been funded by the National Institutes for Mental Health, has focused on a variety of topics relevant to the question of what it is that makes for a good life. She has studied goals, life stories, happiness, well-being, and meaning in life. In general, her work reflects an enduring interest in studying what is good and healthy in people. In 2001, her research accomplishments were recognized by a Templeton Prize in positive psychology. Lauras research (often in collaboration with undergraduate and graduate students) has been published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Cognition and Emotion, the Journal of Personality, and other publications . A new paper on the place of regrets in maturity is forthcoming in the American Psychologist. Currently editor-in-chief of the Journal of Research in Personality, Laura has also served as associate editor of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin and the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, as well as on numerous grant panels. She has edited or co-edited special sections of the Journal of Personality and the American Psychologist. In “real life,” Laura is an accomplished cook and enjoys listening to music (mostly jazz vocalists and singer-songwriters), gardening, and chasing Sam, her 3-year-old son.
Currently editor-in-chief of the Journal of Research in Personality, Laura has also served as associate editor of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin and the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, as well as on numerous grant panels. She has edited or co-edited special sections of the Journal of Personality and the American Psychologist. In “real life,” Laura is an accomplished cook and enjoys listening to music (mostly jazz vocalists and singer-songwriters), gardening, and chasing Sam, her 3-year-old son.
Preface
Chapter 1 What Is Psychology?
Defining Psychology
The Psychological Frame of Mind
CRITICAL CONTROVERSY Are Young Americans in the Middle of a Narcissism Epidemic?
Psychology as the Science of All Human Behavior
Psychology in Historical Perspective Wundts Structuralism and Jamess Functionalism
Darwins Natural Selection
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Explore Evolution from Giraffes to Human Beings Contemporary Approaches to Psychology
The Biological Approach
The Behavioral Approach
The Psychodynamic Approach
The Humanistic Approach
The Cognitive Approach
The Evolutionary Approach
The Sociocultural Approach
Summing Up the Seven Contemporary Approaches
What Psychologists Do
Careers in Psychology Areas of Specialization
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Questions That Psychology Specialists Ask
INTERSECTION Social Psychology and Cross-Cultural Psychology: Is Success Always Sweeter Than Failure?
The Science of Psychology and Health and Wellness
How the Mind Impacts the Body
How the Body Impacts the Mind
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Contemporary Approaches to Psychology
The Biological Approach
The Behavioral Approach
The Psychodynamic Approach
The Humanistic Approach
The Cognitive Approach
The Evolutionary Approach
The Sociocultural Approach
Summing Up the Seven Contemporary Approaches
What Psychologists Do
Careers in Psychology Areas of Specialization
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Questions That Psychology Specialists Ask
INTERSECTION Social Psychology and Cross-Cultural Psychology: Is Success Always Sweeter Than Failure?
The Science of Psychology and Health and Wellness
How the Mind Impacts the Body
How the Body Impacts the Mind
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Areas of Specialization
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Questions That Psychology Specialists Ask
INTERSECTION Social Psychology and Cross-Cultural Psychology: Is Success Always Sweeter Than Failure?
The Science of Psychology and Health and Wellness
How the Mind Impacts the Body
How the Body Impacts the Mind
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 2 Psychologys Scientific Method
Psychologys Scientific Method
Step 1. Observing Some Phenomenon
Step 2. Formulating Hypotheses and Predictions
Step 3. Testing Through Empirical Research
Step 4. Drawing Conclusions
Step 5. Evaluating the Theory
Types of Psychological Research
Descriptive Research
Correlational Research
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Miserable but Helpful?
Experimental Research
INTERSECTION Social Psychology and Developmental Psychology: Is High Self-Esteem Such a Good Thing?
Applications of the Three Types of Research
Research Samples and Settings
The Research Sample
The Research Setting
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Experimentation in a Natural Setting
Analyzing and Interpreting Data
Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics
Conducting Ethical Research
Ethics Guidelines
The Place of Values in Psychological Research
CRITICAL CONTROVERSY Would Reality TV Pass the Institutional Review Board?
Thinking Critically About Psychological Research
Avoid Overgeneralizing Based on Little Information
Distinguish Between Group Results and Individual Needs
Look for Answers Beyond a Single Study
Avoid Attributing Causes When None Have Been Found
Consider the Source of Psychological Information
The Scientific Method and Health and Wellness
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 3 Biological Foundations of Behavior
The Nervous System
Characteristics of the Nervous System
Pathways in the Nervous System
Divisions of the Nervous System
Neurons
Specialized Cell Structure
The Neural Impulse
Synapses and Neurotransmitters
Neural Networks
Structures of the Brain and Their Functions
How Researchers Study the Brain and Nervous System
How the Brain Is Organized
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY The Brain in Different Species
The Cerebral Cortex
CRITICAL CONTROVERSY Are Human Brains Uniquely Wired to Recognize Faces?
The Cerebral Hemispheres and Split-Brain Research
INTERSECTION Emotion and Neuroscience: Is Your Brain Happy?
Integration of Function in the Brain
The Endocrine System
Brain Damage, Plasticity, and Repair
The Brains Plasticity and Capacity for Repair
Brain Tissue Implants
Genetics and Behavior
Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
The Study of Genetics
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY The Jim Twins
Genes and the Environment
Psychologys Biological Foundations and Health and Wellness Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception
How We Sense and Perceive the World
The Processes and Purposes of Sensation and Perception
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Old Woman or Young Woman?
Sensory Receptors and the Brain
Thresholds
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Subliminal Perception: Working Up a Thirst
Signal Detection Theory
Perceiving Sensory Stimuli
INTERSECTION Perception and Social Psychology: Was That a Gun or Car Keys?
Sensory Adaptation
Extrasensory Perception
The Visual System
The Visual Stimulus and the Eye
Visual Processing in the Brain
Color Vision
Perceiving Shape, Depth, Motion, and Constancy
The Auditory System
The Nature of Sound and How We Experience It
Structures and Functions of the Ear
CRITICAL CONTROVERSY Are Cochlear Implants a “Cure” for Deafness?
Theories of Hearing
Auditory Processing in the Brain
Localizing Sound
Other Senses
The Skin Senses
The Chemical Senses
The Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses
Sensation, Perception, and Health and Wellness
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 5 States of Consciousness
The Nature of Consciousness
Defining Consciousness
Consciousness and the Brain
Levels of Awareness
INTERSECTION Consciousness and Developmental Psychology: How Do We Develop a Sense of the Minds of Others? Sleep and Dreams
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Why Do We Need Sleep?
Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Taking a Ride on the Sleep Cycles
Sleep and Disease
Sleep Disorders
Dreams
Psychoactive Drugs
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Drug Use by American Teenagers
Uses of Psychoactive Drugs
Types of Psychoactive Drugs
CRITICAL CONTROVERSY Should Illicit Psychoactive Drugs Be Legalized for Medical Use?
Hypnosis
Sleep and Dreams
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Why Do We Need Sleep?
Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Taking a Ride on the Sleep Cycles
Sleep and Disease
Sleep Disorders
Dreams
Psychoactive Drugs
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Drug Use by American Teenagers
Uses of Psychoactive Drugs
Types of Psychoactive Drugs
CRITICAL CONTROVERSY Should Illicit Psychoactive Drugs Be Legalized for Medical Use?
The Nature of Hypnosis
Explaining Hypnosis
Uses of Hypnosis
Consciousness and Health and Wellness: Meditation
Mindfulness Meditation
The Meditative State of Mind
Getting Started with Meditation
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 6 Learning
Types of Learning
Classical Conditioning
Pavlovs Studies
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY From Acquisition to Extinction (to Spontaneous Recovery)
Classical Conditioning in Humans Operant Conditioning
Defining Operant Conditioning
Thorndikes Law of Effect
Skinners Approach to Operant Conditioning
Shaping
INTERSECTION Behaviorism and Cognitive Neuroscience: If It Feels Good, Is It Rewarding?
Principles of Reinforcement
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Schedules of Reinforcement and Different Patterns of Responding
CRITICAL CONTROVERSY Will Sparing the Rod Spoil the Child?
Applied Behavior Analysis
Observational Learning
Cognitive Factors in Learning
Purposive Behavior
Insight Learning
Biological, Cultural, and Psychological Factors in Learning
Biological Constraints
Cultural Influences
Psychological Constraints
Learning and Health and Wellness
What Can a Rat Tell Us About Stress?
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 7 Memory
The Nature of Memory
Memory Encoding
Attention
Levels of Processing
Elaboration
Imagery
Memory Storage
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY The Inner Workings of Working Memory
Long-Term Memory
INTERSECTION Memory and Sensation: Why Does Smell Share a Special Relationship with Memory?
Memory Retrieval
Serial Position Effect
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Dont Mess with Mr. In-Between
Retrieval Cues and the Retrieval Task
Special Cases of Retrieval
CRITICAL CONTROVERSY Memories: Recovered, Discovered, or False?
Forgetting
Encoding Failure
Retrieval Failure
Study Tips from the Science of Memory Memory and Health and Wellness
Keeping Memory Sharp
Memory and Everyday Life
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 8 Thinking, Intelligence, and Language
The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology
Thinking
Concepts
Problem Solving
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Thinking Outside the Box
Reasoning and Decision Making
Thinking Critically and Creatively
INTERSECTION Emotion and Cognition: How Are You Feeling and Thinking Today?
Intelligence
Measuring Intelligence PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY The Normal Curve
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence
Extremes of Intelligence
Theories of Multiple Intelligences
Language
The Basic Properties of Language
Language and Cognition
CRITICAL CONTROVERSY Does Gender Influence Language?
Biological and Environmental Influences on Language
Language Development over the Life Span
Thinking, Problem Solving, and Health and Wellness
Cognitive Appraisal and Stress
Cognitive Reappraisal
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY The Normal Curve
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence
Extremes of Intelligence
Theories of Multiple Intelligences
Language
The Basic Properties of Language
Language and Cognition
CRITICAL CONTROVERSY Does Gender Influence Language?
Biological and Environmental Influences on Language
Language Development over the Life Span
Thinking, Problem Solving, and Health and Wellness
Cognitive Appraisal and Stress
Cognitive Reappraisal
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 9 Human Development
Exploring Human Development
Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
How Do Nature and Nurture Influence Development?
CRITICAL CONTROVERSY Genes or Superparents: Which Matters More to Kids?
What Is the Developers Role in Development?
Are Early or Later Life Experiences More Important in Development?
Child Development
Prenatal Development
Physical Development in Childhood
Cognitive Development in Childhood
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Thinking Critically About Object Permanence
Socioemotional Development in Childhood
INTERSECTION Developmental Psychology and Clinical Psychology: Is “Girl Talk” Always a Good Thing?
Adolescence
Physical Development in Adolescence
Cognitive Development in Adolescence
Socioemotional Development in Adolescence: The Emergence of Identity
PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Looking at Identity Exploration Emerging Adulthood, Adult Development, and Aging
Emerging Adulthood
Physical Development in Adulthood
Cognitive Development in Adulthood
Socioemotional Development in Adulthood
Human Development and Health and Wellness
Coping and Adult Development
Life Themes and Life-Span Development
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 10 Motivation and Emotion
1. Theories of Motivation
2. Hunger, Obesity, and Eating Disorders
3. Beyond Hunger: Approaches to Motivation in Everyday Life
4. Emotion
5. Motivation, Emotion, and Health and Wellness: The Pursuit of Happiness
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 11, Gender and Sexuality
1. Defining Sex and Gender
Sex and Its Biological Components
Gender
The Role of Genes
Disorders of Sexual Development
2. Theories of Gender Development
Biological Approaches
Evolutionary Psychology Approaches
Social Cognitive Approaches
Social Role Theory
Evaluating the Theoretical Approaches to Gender
3. The Psychology of Gender Differences Infant Sex Differences
Cognitive Differences
Gender Differences in Aggression
Gender Differences in Sexuality
Evaluating the Evidence for Gender
4. Sexual Orientation
Defining Sexual Orientation
Measuring Sexual Orientation
Occurrence of the Different Sexual Orientations
Origins of Sexual Orientation: A Scientific Puzzle
Gay and Lesbian Functioning
Individual Adjustment and Well-Being
Relationship Functioning
Gay and Lesbian Families
5. Sexual Behaviors, Practices, and Attitudes
Sexual Behaviors
Sexual Practices
The Human Sexual Response Pattern
Cognitive and Other Factors in Sexual Behavior and Attitudes
6. Gender and Sexual Variations and Disorders
Transgender: A Variation of Gender Identity
Variations in Sexual Behavior
Variations, Disorders, and the Meaning of Normality
7. Gender, Sexuality, and Health and Wellness Sexual Behavior and Physical Health
Sexual Behavior and Psychological Well-Being
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 12, Personality
1. Psychodynamic Perspectives
2. Humanistic Perspectives
3. Trait Perspectives
4. Personological and Life Story Perspectives
5. Social Cognitive Perspectives
6. Biological Perspectives
7. Personality Assessment
8. Personality and Health and Wellness
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 13, Social Psychology 1. Social Cognition
2. Social Behavior
3. Social Influence
4. Intergroup Relations
5. Close Relationships
6. Social Psychology and Health and Wellness
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 14, Industrial and Organizational Psychology
1. Origins of I/O Psychology
2. Industrial Psychology
3. Organizational Psychology
4. Organizational Culture
5. I/O Psychology and Health and Wellness
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 15, Psychological Disorders
1. Defining and Explaining Abnormal Behavior
2. Anxiety Disorders
3. Mood Disorders
4. Eating Disorders
5. Dissociative Disorders
6. Schizophrenia
7. Personality Disorders
8. Psychological Disorders and Health and Wellness
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 16, Therapies
1. Biological Therapies
2. Psychotherapy
3. Sociocultural Approaches and Issues in Treatment
4. The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
5. Therapies and Health and Wellness
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 17, Health Psychology
1. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine
2. Making Positive Life Changes
3. Resources for Effective Life Change
4. Toward a Healthier Mind (and Body): Controlling Stress
5. Toward a Healthier Body (and Mind): Behaving as If Your Life Depends upon It
6. Integrating Psychology and Health and Wellness
Summary Key Terms Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 12, Personality
1. Psychodynamic Perspectives
2. Humanistic Perspectives
3. Trait Perspectives
4. Personological and Life Story Perspectives
5. Social Cognitive Perspectives
6. Biological Perspectives
7. Personality Assessment
8. Personality and Health and Wellness
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 13, Social Psychology
1. Social Cognition
2. Social Behavior
3. Social Influence
4. Intergroup Relations
5. Close Relationships
6. Social Psychology and Health and Wellness
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 14, Industrial and Organizational Psychology
1. Origins of I/O Psychology
2. Industrial Psychology
3. Organizational Psychology
4. Organizational Culture
5. I/O Psychology and Health and Wellness
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 15, Psychological Disorders
1. Defining and Explaining Abnormal Behavior
2. Anxiety Disorders
3. Mood Disorders
4. Eating Disorders
5. Dissociative Disorders
6. Schizophrenia
7. Personality Disorders
8. Psychological Disorders and Health and Wellness
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 16, Therapies
1. Biological Therapies
2. Psychotherapy
3. Sociocultural Approaches and Issues in Treatment
4. The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
5. Therapies and Health and Wellness
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge
Chapter 17, Health Psychology
1. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine
2. Making Positive Life Changes
3. Resources for Effective Life Change
4. Toward a Healthier Mind (and Body): Controlling Stress
5. Toward a Healthier Body (and Mind): Behaving as If Your Life Depends upon It
6. Integrating Psychology and Health and Wellness
Summary
Key Terms
Apply Your Knowledge